Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA) is a rare, slow-growing tumor that typically occurs in the brain's ventricles, particularly in individuals with a medical condition called tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). This tumor arises from the glial cells known as astrocytes that support and nourish nerve cells in the brain.
SEGA is characterized by the presence of giant cells, abnormal cells that are considerably larger than normal astrocytes. These giant cells are formed by the division of multiple small, abnormal cells. SEGAs usually exhibit two main components: compact nodules in the walls of ventricles and protruding masses into the ventricles themselves.
Symptoms of SEGA depend on various factors such as tumor size, location, and presence of any associated conditions. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, behavioral changes, cognitive impairments, and hydrocephalus (a condition involving the accumulation of excessive cerebrospinal fluid in the brain). Diagnosis of SEGA typically involves magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, which can visualize the tumor's location, size, and growth patterns.
Treatment options for SEGA primarily revolve around surgical intervention to remove the tumor, aiming to alleviate symptoms, prevent further growth, and improve the patient's quality of life. In some cases, additional therapies such as chemotherapy or targeted drug therapy may be considered, especially if surgical removal is not feasible or tumorous regrowth occurs.
Regular follow-up monitoring is essential for individuals diagnosed with SEGA due to the potential for recurrence or growth. Although SEGAs are generally low-grade tumors, they may cause significant neurological complications, emphasizing the importance of early detection and appropriate management.
