Giant Cell Tumor of Bone (GCTB) is a rare, benign but locally aggressive bone tumor that predominantly affects young adults between the ages of 20 and 40, with a slight preponderance for females. It typically occurs in the long bones, such as the distal femur, proximal tibia, or distal radius.
GCTB is characterized by the presence of numerous multinucleated giant cells, which give it its name. These giant cells, along with mononuclear stromal cells, make up the tumor mass. Although benign, GCTB can be locally aggressive, causing significant bone destruction. It can lead to pain, swelling, and pathological fractures in the affected bone.
The exact cause of GCTB is unknown, but certain factors, such as trauma and certain genetic abnormalities, have been associated with its development. Diagnosis is made through imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI, which can reveal the characteristic features of the tumor, including cortical destruction and soft tissue extension.
Treatment options for GCTB include surgical resection or curettage of the tumor, often combined with bone grafts or other reconstructive techniques. In some cases, adjuvant therapies, such as denosumab, may be used to target specific molecules involved in the growth and survival of giant cells. Regular follow-up is essential to monitor for any recurrence or progression of the tumor. Despite being classified as benign, GCTB has the potential for locally aggressive behavior and should be managed accordingly.
