Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria are commonly found in various environmental habitats, including water, soil, and sewage. Citrobacter species are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can survive and grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.
The genus Citrobacter consists of several species, with the most prominent ones being C. freundii, C. koseri, and C. amalonaticus. These species are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with chronic diseases or undergoing medical treatments. Citrobacter infections can manifest as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, and meningitis.
In terms of their microbiological characteristics, Citrobacter bacteria are non-spore-forming, motile organisms that possess flagella for mobility. They are capable of fermenting glucose and lactose, producing acid and gas as metabolic byproducts. This ability distinguishes Citrobacter from related bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Identifying Citrobacter often involves laboratory techniques, such as culturing samples on selective media, conducting biochemical tests, and using molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for species confirmation. Antibiotic susceptibility testing is crucial for determining appropriate treatment options as Citrobacter species may exhibit varying levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics.
Overall, Citrobacter is a genus of bacteria known for their propensity to cause infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Proper hygiene practices and appropriate medical care are important in preventing and treating Citrobacter infections.
